Computer Aided Drafting And Design Essays - Computer-aided Design

Computer Aided Drafting and Design CADD stands for Computer Aided Drafting and Design. By using the computer for the functions normally utilized by hand, a greater amount of efficiency can be attained. By drawing lines with a computer on a screen, corrections can be made without erasing the entire product. CADD is a lot like a word processor, letting people draw whatever they choose, print it, and if corrections are needed, only a small amount of time is needed to correct it. CADD has the speed of a technical sketch in the accuracy of a normal drawing. CADD programs can utilize different methods in the way they draw their pictures. Some use co-ordinates, which is the standard method, and some might use inches or centimetres. The standard method of co-ordinates gives a product which is compatible with other systems. One co-ordinate point might represent 1/10 of a millimetre in actual space. Then 1 millimetre is 10 co-ordinate points. CADD systems were developed along with the computer. They were developed very slowly. They went from being very large, clumsy, elaborate machines which needed lots of human intervention to one program on a floppy disk. When the power of computers increased, so did the possibilities of CADD. Images on CADD systems are drawn with the aid of a keyboard, mouse, or tracking ball. One selects the starting point of a line, the ending point, and the line is drawn. A scale at the bottom of the screen tells how long the line will be. On some CADD systems, the computer itself can measure how long the line will be while the operator inputs the length of the line. Lines are the basis of all drawings. Straight lines are fairly simple and quick to make, but what about curved or wavy lines? That's what different CADD commands are made for. Different CADD commands make different things on the screen possible. There are commands for dimensioning, labelling, making circles, boxes, etc. Some generic commands and their functions are: XYZ up- This allows the operator to rotate, tip, flip, and move the object by degrees. Top, front, and rear views are used. Drawing below: MOVE- Move means moving the object. Move can be used left, right, up, down, forwards, and backwards. MOVE must be specified by how many units (co-ordinates) the object must be moved and in what direction. SCALE- Makes the object smaller or larger, and by what scale. Eg: reduce by 50, increase by 50, etc. LINES- This is the generic drawing command for lines. A start point and end point must be indicated. COLORS- What color the lines or object must be. The foreground and backround (in 3-D CADD) can also be specified. ERASE- Erase line, object, all, or just a part of the screen, which is specified similar to move. PLAN VIEW- This command will usuallt draw the 3 views plus a 3-d view of the object. ZOOM- Zooms in on the object. CIRCLE, ARC- Draws the chosen image. SPLINE- Draws a "wavy" line as like below. TEXT- Writes text. COPY- Copies the object, line, etc. MIRROR COPY- Copies the object in a mirror image. Some commands, like the ones listed below, might not be availible on all CADD progarms. They do specific tasks. Some are: Hidden line and Surface Removal- Removes hidden lines and surfaces, automatically or by the discretion of the operator. 3 Point Perspective Display- Displays the object in the 3-point perspective, as in technical sketching. Object and Group Designations- This is usually independent. This identifies individual objects on the screen, like a box within a box. Move Vertex- Molds and re-shapes objects. CADD comes in many forms. 3-D CADD uses lines in a 3 Dimensional form. This is useful in drawing complex buildings and spheres. CADD output comes in many forms also. Images may be produced by printer, which is less accurate, and by plotter, which draws all lines and curves by a small pen. This is the most accurate form of CADD reproduction and output. CADD is widely used in industry. It is slowly replacing all hand methods, since it is fast and simple. A drawing that might take 10 days to make could now take 10 minutes on computer. The future of CADD depends of the demand of the functions for the different programs. CADD in schools is being taught also. As you can see, CADD is slowly becoming the most widely used system of industry in the world. Its functions make design fast and easy, and without many errors. Next time you need to finish that drafting project and have only

buy custom Nutrigenomics essay

buy custom Nutrigenomics essay The need for a good diet that sustains health, prevents and helps in the treatment of illnesses is an effort that has been in existence for quite some time now. All the same, the start of new technological tools of research has prompted researchers to conduct a thorough analysis of the multifaceted mechanisms that take part in the way the human body processes and reacts to food. Generally, this has influenced human health and the ultimate well-being of people in the society. Remarkably, the knowledge concerning the human genome has rapidly widened the scope of research in nutrition science. Nutrigenomics is a consequence of this emerging alliance that has been realized between nutrition and genomics (Mller and Kersten 2003, pp. 315-322). To be exact, nutrigenomics can be hard to define. This is so because it takes place with new technologies in health and with the emerging inquiries founded in science. All the same, nutrigenomics can be defined as a nutrition subspecialty that aims a t understanding the manner in which genome-diet interactions impact on a persons reaction to disease, susceptibility of disease and the health of the population at large. Nutrigenomics research endeavors to comprehend the way nutrients and other components of food impact on genome expression although it may also include the way genome of populations or individuals may influence the response to diet. Other than providing a general comprehension of the molecular mechanisms that exists in health and nutrition, nutrigenomics research usually tends to emphasize on knowledge and diagnostics that may be applied by subpopulations and/or persons to tailor their diet to prevent attacks by disease and enhance general well-being. Diseases like obesity are both influenced by the environment and genes. While obesity is becoming a major concern across the world, it is believed that the problem could be solved through nutrition technologies like nutrigenomics. In his report, McNally (2007, par.1) made a prediction stating that about more than 50% of the people in Britain will experience signs of obesity by the year 2050. Personalized nutrition is thought to be a very useful effort in dealing with the threat of obesity. Nutrigenomics offers the promise of good health founded on the understanding of the nutritional needs of a human being, health and nutritional status and genotype. Nutrigenomics has emerged as a solution to obesity, type two diabetes and over-nutrition. The scope of diseases that can be handled through nutrigenomics is likely going to increase with the dramatic development that is being experienced in the field. Nutrigenomics is a preventive approach that seeks to ensure good health. The role of nutrition and diet has been and is most likely going to be exhaustively researched. To prevent the establishment of disease, the research in nutrition is seeking to investigate the way nutrition can maintain and optimize tissue, cellular, organ and generally the entire homeostasis process that takes place in the human body. This call for knowledge about the way nutrients perform at the molecular level. It includes a mass of interactions related to nutrients at the metabolic, protein and gene levels. This has been a continuous effort that began from epidemiology then to physiology and from molecular biology to genetics and finally nutrigenomics emerged (Garcia-Bailo et al. 2009, pp.69-80). The development and emergence of nutrigenomics has been made possible as a result of the powerful research on genetics. This is basically the area that has advanced the role of nutrigenomics in promoting preventive health. The inter-personal variations in genetics or genetic differences which have an influence on phenotypes and on metabolism were identified initially in nutrition research. Later on, these phenotypes were defined. The main objectives of nutrigenomics also incorporates the ability to show the outcome of bioactive food elements on health and the influence of health foods on human health which should amount to the expansion of functional foods that will help people to remain healthy based on their personal needs. Nutrigenomics appreciates the fact that nutrients can interact and at the same time adjust molecular mechanisms that underlie the physiological functions of an organism. Based on this fact, nutrigenomics main role is to establish preventive measures to guarantee and sustain a healthy body (Kaput et al. 2006, pp. 5-11). Nutrigenomics performs epidemiological reserch scaled on populations making use of genetic knowledge to establish scientific conclusions and informed nutritional recommendations that promote the well being of individuals and populations (Godard and Ozdemir 2008, pp. 227-28). The field probes much in the connection between nutrition and gene to capitalize on development of suitable health promoting personal diets. Nutrigenomics explains the relationship between genes and nutrition with a common eventual objective of optimizing health by way of diet personalization. Moreover, it offers a very robust approach to untangle the multifaceted link between nutritional molecules, polymorphisms of genes and the biological system entirely (Garcia-Bailo et al. 2009, pp.69-80). With the help of nutrigenomics, it has been possible to point out biochemical disorders and their probable causes. They have been connected to their origin in genes. Having established such a fact, nutrigenomics comes up with a product that seeks to ensure that such a situation is not realized. As earlier mentioned, nutrigenomics plays a pro-active role in ensuring that the most likely diseases to be caused by the environment and genes are hampered. The genetic disorders that lead to pathological effects have easily been identified and defined through nutrigenomics. For instance, the polymorphism genetic disorder that is found in the hormone Leptin gene ends up in an obese condition. Others like folate metabolism result from human nutrition. With nutrigenomics, nutrients have been used as signals that make known a certain diet to a particular cell in the human body (Ferguson 2009, pp.452-58). Nutrigenomics demonstrates that nutrients are sensed through a sensor system in the body cell. Such a kind of sensory system operates like a sensory ecology in a way in which the cell gets information by the signal which in this case is the nutrient concerning the environment which is the diet. This system of senses that construes information from nutrients concerning the environment (diet) comprises transcription factors as well as many other additional proteins. After the nutrient has completely interacted with such a kind of sensory system, it converts gene, metabolite production and protein expression based on the nutrient level sensed. This is how nutrigenomics has been used to deal with the complications and disorders that are experienced in the human body. Consequently, various diets must draw out different forms of gene as well as protein expression and even the metabolite production (Subbiah 2008, pp. 229-35). The patterns of such effects as described above are the main descriptions that nutrigenomics seeks to highlight. They are called dietary signatures. These dietary signatures are evaluated in particular cells, body tissues and organisms and through this; the manner through nutrition impacts on the process of homeostasis is examined. The genes which are influenced by the varying levels of nutrients should be pointed out and then their control is studied. The variations in this control and regulation are occasioned by the variations that occur between the genes of different individuals. Generally, nutrigenomics has played a very significant role in determining the relationship between diet and genes (Subbiah 2008, pp. 229-35). This has been a very useful concept and approach that has been used to address many health problems through preventive measures put in place based on the scientific research between nutrition and genes. Genome is generally the instruction code written into peoples DNA. These instructions tell the human body how to function. Ideally, most of the genome is similar in each and very individual. However, there are small variations in peoples DNA and these are what make a particular person unique and different from another. These differences are referred to as Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and they influence all kinds of things like athletic performance, hair color and assimilation process in the human body. Nutrigenomics has also been used to impact on athletic performance. What is required is to understand the genome. With such an understanding, nutrigenomics has been used further to help people understand the kind of routine and exercise as well as the changes that may be required to make maximize wellness. Common intelligence has it that a marathoner is most likely going to have success in a 100-meter race. The converse is also true. Even though it can be easy to envisage that the v ariation in genes is a chief ssource of the variations in athletic performance, pointing out the real genetic causes needs a careful grouping of athletic traits and a thorough analysis. Consequently, individuals are expected to know that both lifestyle and genetic make up have the ability to influence health and general wellness in them (Stover and Caudill 2008, pp.1480-87). Drawbacks of Nutrigenomics Despite their inception into the world of health science and nutrition, a lot of research is still needed before the diets of nutrigenomics become an influential reality. The diet-gene interactions are believed to be very few. Based on this, it is also believed that there is not enough information that can amount to a specific useful advice. Moreover, it is also believed that there are fewer genetic differences that can be screened. Nutrigenomics can also be limited in the sense that prescriptions in the field will perhaps be different based on age and other physiological factors like pregnancy (Subbiah 2008, pp. 229-35). On a different note, some of these nutrigenomics may not be useful in some communities and some class of people. The testing of nutrigenomic raises a lot ethical issues like whether the genetic profiling must all the time be constrained to the wealthy clients or it should be made available as a standard coverage of healthcare (Rawson 2008, pp. 23-36). There are some places where people may not really be fighting with cases such as obesity among other complications. Therefore, nutrigenomics may be limited to some geographical locations. Again, there is no empirical evidence that changes in nutrition based on the commercial analysis recommendation will cut down a persons risk of developing a given illness. Some researchers also tend to believe that, examining a handful of genes from a hair snippet or a swab from the mouth and coming up with a plan of diet and a huge bill for the same is a waste of finances and the way is impulsive (Kaput et al. 2006, pp. 5-11). Nutrigenomics companies need to counteract to the allegations that they are making claims that are false. In the past, nutrigenomic effects have been said to lack in scientific accountability and may be deceiving the consumer. There is also the challenge of counterfeit goods that have no background in nutrigenomics but still dominating the market. The current options for consumers are not that stable. There are still issues related to scientific proof on their application and use. Some authorities believe that it is a mere rip off from the consumer. The nutrigenomics are not that relevant to the consumer. The products are mainly bought by the wealthy class and people with weight problems and family chronic diseases. They are also common amongst people with concerns about aging and diseases that are related to age. Again, people with a strong commitment to health matters happen to be among the main consumers (Stover and Caudill 2008, pp. 1480-87). The Future of Nutrigenomics Nutrigenomics has experienced a low impact in the past mainly amongst the middle and upper class citizens. It has previously been seen as an expensive fad amongst the consumers. Even up to now, the impact is not yet felt fully. Consumer education would be significant for the future of these nutrigenomics and the public health in general. However, nutrient-related diseases seem to be increasing and affecting people of all race, age and social class. Therefore, nutrigenomics might be potentially useful in the future. Nutrigenomics will have a very huge impact on diets in the future and in the society at large (Rawson 2008, pp. 23-36). It is expected that its impact will be felt in a wide scope ranging from dietary practices and agriculture to medicine and lastly to public and social policies. Conclusion Nutrigenomics is thus a science that has put together the relationship of genes and nutrition to come up with preventive health measures. The concept takes a pro-active approach in dealing with nutrition-oriented diseases like obesity among others. Nutrigenomics has been realized among the wealthy individuals and this has had a negative impact on their usefulness and influence. Well, the current inception and the use of nutrigenomics may be seen as an expensive fad but soon it is going to be a potentially useful concept acting as a standard coverage of health. Buy custom Nutrigenomics essay

Nevada week in Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nevada week in Review - Essay Example There has been a rising concern on the amount of money and contributions that these particular groups are raising towards campaigns. The contribution caps may have to be limited to enable greater influence of various groups in the political arena. The current period is important since majority of the politicians are going to their grass roots to seek for voter support and confidence. The existing campaign finance reforms stipulate that the government provide a specified amount of money to aid in the campaign process. It is always important for the special interest groups to contribute to a certain specified limit to give the relevant reform various grounds for debate (VegasPBS). When the special interest groups through their contributions are able to compensate the money channeled towards campaigns, the topic will always remain pending. It is because the money will be though t to be enough. The United States of America is a country that is marked with diverse races. Majority of the people belonging to a different race are in the United States for various reasons. Some are there because they are seeking permanent citizenship while others are there because of work related activities. It is always a basic fact that the voice of such individuals heard since it creates a diversity and opinion about what the diaspora things about the political leaders in the United St ates. Politics in the United States is governed by various acts and clauses found in the constitution of the United States. The existence of peace in the region promotes the development of a good political environment where performance charts and indexes accessibility and previews are available. These presentations are useful components that the citizens adopt to give them the freedom to choose whom they prefer their leaders should be. In my opinion, the voting and election process should be a free and fair exercise.

Organizational Communication Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Organizational Communication - Assignment Example He encouraged them to ask questions or complaints either directly or through a fishbowl kept in the companys cafeteria. He displayed great willingness and enthusiasm to answer questions quickly and on the spot (p. 85). These changes proved to be highly effective because of various factors such as effective leadership headed by the new CEO Jim Sims; a significant boost in employee morale and in the words of one of the technical directors at CTP, development of â€Å"a critical mass of committed people† (p. 86). There is ample evidence which suggests a direct relationship between effective leadership and employee productivity as well as between employee morale and productivity. Furthermore the manner in which a leader behaves and communicates with the followers during challenging periods directly affects their relationship with the employees resulting in improved performance and commitment on the part of the employees (Kasper-Fuehrer and Ashkanasy, 2001; Connell et al., 2003; Costa, 2003; Dirks and Ferrin, 2002; Corbitt and Martz, 2003, Conrad and Poole, 2012). The effectiveness of the new leadership could be observed from the fact that immediately after the new policy (the three rules) was implemented a significant and apparent change in there was a marked improvement in the employee morale, the company was able to hire more employees, secure more contracts, and stabilize the financial position of the company through improved performance (p.

Statistics project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Statistics Project Example Referring to Table 1 above, the sales size was significantly, positively correlated with the number of full-time employees (Ï  = 0.237, p From the onset, it is clear that the relationship between the number of part-timers and sales size does not follow a linear pattern. This is because of the earlier noted correlation coefficient that is not statistically significant. The bivariate relationships between the sales size and each of the independent variables are shown in Figures 1-4. The scatter plots indicate whether the nature of the relationship between two variables can be depicted either in a linear or non-linear manner. A linear relationship indicates that the rate of change in one variable results in a proportional change in the other (Bryan and Heagerty 2014). If the relationship is non-linear, it is impossible to arrive at the same conclusion as above. From Figure 1, the rate of increase in the size of sales (in square meters) does not appear to correspond to the increase in the number of

Social Work Theories for Neglected Children

Social Work Theories for Neglected Children Critically evaluate the contributions of theory, research, legislation and policy to social work practice in relation to one aspect of practice in one of the following: Children and Families. In this essay I am going to critically evaluate the contributions of theory, research, legislation and policy to social work practice in relation to looked after children who experience neglect. Erickson and Egeland (2002) argue that there are five types of neglect; emotional, medical, physical, mental health and educational neglect and these can all impact negatively on a child. I have chosen to concentrate on middle aged children around the ages of five to ten years of age who have experienced neglect because neglect is one of the most identified forms of child abuse and can have serious effects on children of this age (Mennon et al, 2010). According to the DfES (2014) 62% of looked after children are looked after because of abuse or neglect. Therefore it is important to evaluate how theory, research, legislation and policy can contribute to social workers understanding of neglect and how social workers can support children in overcoming these effects. I appreciate that children wh o become looked after due to neglect often experience other forms of abuse and these can have further negative effects on children (Mennon et al, 2010), however because this essay aims to be prescriptive rather than exhaustive I have chosen to concentrate on middle aged children who experience neglect. Research has made a significant contribution to social work practice in relation to looked after children who experience neglect. The majority of research concentrating on children who experience neglect (Mennon et al, 2010; Trickett and McBride Chang, 1995; Hildyard and Wolfe, 2002) has tended to show that the risk factors associated with neglect can significantly hinder children’s growth and development. Children who are neglected tend to live in poverty, with a lack of parental care, parents may be misusing substances, parents may have mental health problems, one parent may be experiencing domestic violence, and poor prenatal and postnatal care can all lead to a child being neglected by their parents (Pelton, 1994). Research has shown that children who are neglected tended to have the lowest academic grades (Eckenrode, Laird and Dorris). Studies have found that children of school age who were neglected showed social and behavioural problems, they were socially withdrawn, un popular with other children and socially isolated (Erickson and Egeland, 2002 and Trickett and McBride Chang, 1995). Hildyard and Wolfe (2002) found that children who were severely neglected impacted detrimentally on children’s emotional well-being. Therefore, the factors associated with neglect can impact negatively on a child’s normal development and have adverse effects, which is why it is vital for social workers to understand the impact of neglect on children so they can target the most effective interventions to help children overcome the effects. However, it could be argued that there is a lack of research that specifically relates to children who are looked after and experience neglect. Many children who are neglected who are involved with child protection services will have interventions targeted at them in order to prevent neglect from continuing and children do not always become looked after. For example, a child who is being neglected because their parents have substance misuse problems may not end up being taken in to care because the parents seek help for their problems. Or a parent who is being abused may move away from the abusive partner which enhances their ability to parent the child. Much of the research tends to concentrate on how social workers in child protection services can help families where children are experiencing neglect. Arguably therefore there is a lack of research which specifically looks at how the two compounding issues of neglect and being looked after impacts on children. Despite this, the research exploring the effects of neglect on children help social workers understand the impact of neglect on children who are looked after and how this hinders their development which they can then consider when undertaking assessments. This can then help social workers decide what intervention is needed to promote a child’s health and well-being. Attachment theory for instance is invaluable in understanding why looked after children experience some of the adverse effects that they do (Trickett and McBride Chang, 1995). Howe argues that attachment theory is â€Å"very useful to child welfare and adoption workers† (1995: 136) because it can explain children’s behaviour which can help social workers target the most effective interventions (Howe, 2005). Attachment theory, developed by John Bowlby, argued that children need â€Å"secure attachments to their mother in order for them to be stable individuals in later life† (Dunk-west, 2013: 42 ). Attachment theory suggests that children who grow up without a secure caregiver have difficulty forming stable social relationships in later life. The lack of a warm and secure relationship with a caregiver during early childhood can lead to a child experiencing adverse effects, such as delinquent behaviour and depression (Howe, 1995). Therefore children who have been neglected are likely to have insecure attachments because of the lack of care and nurturance they received growing up (Hildyard and Wolfe, 2002). Attachment theory can therefore contribute significantly to social work practice because it helps social workers in their assessments to understand the child’s needs. It also helps social workers understand the need to place looked after children who have experienced neglect in stable placements so they can develop secure attachments to their new caregivers (Howe, 2005; Cocker and Allain, 2008). This can support the emotional and social development of children and is central in building resilience (Crawford and Walker, 2007). To ensure placements are stable and secure attachments can develop; social workers must carry out good quality assessments and develop robust care plans (Cocker and Allain, 2008). Social workers must then frequently assess children in their new placements and assess the quality o f their new attachments with their new caregivers, continually updating the care plan to ensure they are supporting the child’s social and emotional development (Cocker and Allain, 2008). However, Dunk-West (2013) argues that whilst attachment theory is important, it is vital to assess children within their social contexts. The inequalities looked after children face can be more effectively explained by using an ecological approach. Walter (2007) argued in his study that a combination of risks and multiple stressors can lead to adverse effects for looked after children and therefore a holistic approach such as the ecological model can help social workers to do that. Using Brofenbrenner’s (1979) theory for example, within the micro system a social worker could assess that a looked after child who has been neglected is highly likely to have had very little parental support and there may have been family conflict and this could have been because of characteristics within the exo system of a child’s life. Their exo system is likely to have been characterized by poverty and living in a deprived neighbourhood. For example, parents may argue because of the stre ss of living in poverty or engage in excessive drinking or drug taking to try and cope with the stress of living in poverty which then affects their ability to parent effectively and provide children with adequate support or supervision. Furthermore, within the macro system looked after children are aware that society perceives them as a group of children that are deemed as at risk (Walter, 2007). For example, in Care and Prejudice (2009) an Ofsted study that interviewed three hundred children in care found that half the children in their study felt that the public held negative stereotypes about them, such as being delinquent and troublemakers. Looked after children felt heavily discriminated against and felt that this impacted on their ability to do well academically, build friendships and gain employment (Care and Prejudice, 2009). Therefore, it could be argued using an ecological approach that looked after children who experience neglect have poorer outcomes than other children because of the multiple social and environmental factors that impact on parents capacity to parent effectively (McAuley and Davis, 2009). It could be argued that attachment theory is matriarchal in nature. For example, Bowlby’s work in particular which was developed in the 1950s is arguably sexist because the primary caregiver is assumed to be the mother (Beckett, 2006). Yet more recent work on attachment theory has reframed attachment as not meaning attachment to the mother. In modern society as more women have entered the labour market, children are increasingly taken care of by multiple figures; this can include the father, childminders or grandparents (Dunk West, 2013; Nicolsen et al, 2006). Children tend to attach and bond to multiple key figures, male and female (Beckett, 2006). Despite this, research does tend to demonstrate how fathers are marginalized by social workers in children services and are poorly engaged. This can be particularly detrimental for children who are looked after because social workers potentially lose a valuable asset for children (Brigid and Taylor, 2000). Brigid and Taylor (2000) also argued that legislation and policy does not contribute effectively enough to guide social workers in how to challenge traditional gender assumptions, nor does legislation give clear guidance for engaging fathers. For instance, it was only from 2003 that fathers who were not married to the mother of their child acquired parental responsibility automatically even if he was on the birth certificate. Prior to this change in legislation a father could only acquire parental responsibility by a written agreement with the mother or by applying to court (Cocker and Allain, 2008). Therefore, it could be argued that the earlier work of attachment theory has heavi ly influenced social workers in children’s services. The importance of the attachment to the mother has been persistent and as a result social workers have often marginalized fathers (Brigid and Taylor, 2000). Attachment theory has therefore arguably contributed negatively to looked after children because social workers are still heavily influenced by its matriarchal nature. Legislation however underpins how social workers should support looked after children and therefore makes a huge contribution to looked after children who experience neglect, in particular the Children’s Act 1989 and Children’s Act 2004. Under section 22 of the Children Act 1989 there is a duty on the local authority ‘to safeguard and promote the child’s welfare’ (Branye and Carr, 2013: 291) it looks after. The Children’s Act 2004 added an additional duty on local authorities to promote the child’s educational achievements. When a child is subject to a care order or interim care order, social workers become the looked after child’s â€Å"corporate parent† and share parental responsibility with the birth parents. Therefore the local authority becomes responsible for a child’s care and achieving positive outcomes (Cocker and Allain, 2008). For example, ‘Section 7 of the Education Act 1996 states that parents hav e a duty to ensure their children are suitably educated’ (Cocker and Allain, 2008: 138), social workers as a corporate parent therefore share this duty with the birth parents (Cocker and Allain, 2008). As a result of this legislation looked after children are given a designated teacher who ensures they have a personal education plan which sets out developmental and educational needs and identifies targets (Cocker and Allain, 2008). Personal education plan meetings are then held twice a year to assess the child’s educational progress. Research has shown that looked after children tend to achieve lower grades at school than their peers and has therefore arguably heavily influenced legislation. In addition, local authorities have a duty to monitor children’s developmental progress and so children receive medicals once a year. This is all part of safeguarding and promoting the child’s welfare. CAMHS involvement may also be necessary if the child has additional therapeutic needs (Cocker and Allain, 2008). The Children’s Act 2004 made it mandatory for different agencies to work collaboratively and share responsibility for vulnerable children and this includes looked after children so social workers have a duty to work with a range of professionals in order to promote the well being of children. Legislation is therefore central to working with looked after children as it mandates how social workers should support looked after children. Despite parental responsibility being shared, the local authority can overrule birth parents but social workers must work in partnership with parents or anybody else with parental responsibility and consult them when making any decisions regarding the child’s welfare (Cocker and Allain, 2008). However, partnership working with parents in practice can be extremely difficult for social workers when parents do not agree with their decisions regarding the child. For example, a number of studies have highlighted how challenging it is for social workers to work in partnership with parents and take their wishes into account when a decision is made to permanently remove a child (Clifford and Burke, 2004; Charlton et al, 1998). Working in partnership with parents therefore becomes extremely challenging for social workers as they try to take the parent’s wishes in to account but also trying to act in the best interests of the child and gather evidence to explain why the child sho uld not return home. Furthermore, Wigley et al’s (2006) study found that social workers often faced challenges when trying to collaborate with schools, as they either did not implement personal education plans or they did not communicate effectively with social workers which made it difficult to work in partnership with educational professionals. In addition, social workers under Section 22 of the Children’s Act 1989 must also consult the child about their wishes before any decision is made and this is a key principle of the Children’s Act 1989. However, a number of studies have found that children felt they were not listened to by social workers. They often felt powerless and had very little say about their placements (Morgan, 2006; Wigley et al, 2006). It is vital for children to feel listened to so they can develop a sense of self-efficacy (Schofield and Beek, 2006) which Rutter (1985) suggests is a key factor in building resilience. It could be argued however that in many cases the child could not understand why they were being moved to a different placement and did not understand that social workers were trying to act in their best interests. Therefore, legislation although good in principle, is arguably not always effectively put in to social work practice in relation to looked after children. Care Matters: Time for change (DfES, 2007) is a major policy framework for looked after children and is similar to legislation because it stresses the importance of improving the educational, health and emotional needs of children (Cocker and Allain, 2008). In particular, Care Matters suggests that educational attainment needs to be improved, looked after children should be prioritised in school admissions, health outcomes for looked after children should be improved, and placements need to be more local and stable and this can be delivered through high quality assessment and care planning (DfES, 2007). In addition, Care Matters suggests that children should be helped to engage in leisure activities and hobbies, which can help children to build their self-esteem and build support networks and friendships. Rutter (1985) suggested that a sense of self-esteem and confidence is vitally important to help children build resilience. Jaffee et al (2007) defines resilience as â€Å"achieving normal development in the face of considerable adversity†. Therefore, policy has made a vital contribution to social work practice in relation to looked after children. However, with local authorities facing a fourth year of cuts to funding and with increasing numbers of children going in to care (McNicoll and Stothart, 2014) it could be argued that it is causing increasing pressure for social workers to implement policy effectively in to practice. In particular, some local authorities arehaving to make cuts to foster placements making it increasingly difficult for social workers to find high quality placements for children who have high level and complex needs (McNicoll and Stothart, 2014). This makes it extremely challenging for social workers to find placements that are local and stable for children. To conclude, it is evident that theory, research, legislation and policy have all made a major contribution to social work practice in relation to looked after children who experience neglect. Research has heavily influenced legislation and policy, which in turn underpins social work practice in relation to looked after children. In addition, attachment theory has helped social workers to understand why looked after children may behave in the way they do and the ecological approach helps social workers to understand why looked after children experience inequalities and tend to have poorer outcomes than children in the rest of the population. These theories help social workers when carrying out their assessments and finding the most effective interventions to support looked after children who have experienced neglect. However, it is evident that policy and legislation cannot always easily be applied effectively in to practice because of the challenges of working in partnership with bi rth families who may oppose the child’s permanency plan and children who may not understand that the social worker is acting in their best interests. In addition, attachment theory is arguably quite matriarchal in nature and this has influenced social workers and has resulted in fathers being marginalised. Furthermore, social workers may not have the time or resources to provide the most appropriate support to looked after children and this is a weakness of the ecological approach and policy. Despite this, it is evident that theory, research, legislation and policy have all made a significant contribution to social work practice in relation to looked after children who have experienced neglect.

Funding and Lending Problems with China’s Three Gorges Dam Project :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Funding and Lending Problems with China’s Three Gorges Dam Project The Three Gorges Project continues to leave a wake of environmental and social transgressions. An assortment of activists and over 45 international groups, including the International Rivers Network and Sierra Club, have fought the project and all its detrimental attributes (Lammers 1). But because of the predetermination of its construction, certain consequences associated with the Three Gorges Dam are inevitable, especially those resulting from the inundation zones. Oppositely, there remain a variety of consequences, specifically concerning the impact of relocation and resettlement, which could be minimized and even avoided if the necessary steps were taken. Unfortunately, the current mixture of economics and politics between the State Development Bank of China and its lenders provides no safe guards against such transgression. Despite protests few if any changes have been made to rectify them. In the following passage, I will give a short background of the dam’s history and consequences, disclose China’s current resettlement efforts, and explain why little change has been made to correct these matters. In the end, I will provide an alternative solution and hopefully focus needed attention to the most influential aspect of the Three Gorges Project: funding and lending. The Three Gorges Dam and Reservoir is questionably the largest engineering feat and construction project ever undertaken. The project originated as a solution to Chi na’s long-standing problems with mainland flood control (Shen 1). Soon after, the plans were altered to incorporated a giant shipping lane to the reservoir and 26 hydroelectric generators to the dam (Sly 1). The project, which resides on China’s Yangtze river, has entered the second phase of completion. Following the diversion of normal river flow and traffic to a side channel, major construction of the coffer dam, which will reportedly span more than a mile in width, has ensued (Sklar 4). And major is no exaggeration considering the Chinese government is attempting to dam the world’s second largest river. The Three Gorges dam is estimated to be over 600 feet high and result in a reservoir of over 400 miles in length (Lammers 1). The resources and materials to be consumed, beyond the 29 billion dollar cost estimate, are to include: the "3.6 billion cubic feet of rock and soil... to be excavated, 1 billion cubic feet of embankment fill... moved, 900 million cubic feet of plain and reinforced concrete... to be poured, and nearly 300,000 tons of metal structures.

Porter’s 5 Forces Essay

Webjet is Australia and New Zealand’s largest online travel agency. Leading the way in online travel tools and technologies, Webjet enables customers to easily search and book the best domestic and international travel flight deals, travel insurance, car hire and hotel accommodation worldwide. Webjet sites are simple to navigate, engaging and informative, giving customers confidence when managing their own travel arrangements. Webjet offers a 24/7 customer support service to cater to our customers’ needs. On 21 August 2013, Webjet announced a profit of $11. 4 million and NBAT of $6. 5 million. During the year the company experienced a growth in total transaction values of $110 million from $768 million to $884 million. About service Webjet. com has created our site around the belief that saving time and money is the key to opening up a world of travel opportunities. Operating as a completely independent flight booking engine, Webjet. com shows the absolute economical fares available, displaying the lowest total travel price. With the use of leading proprietary search technology, Webjet. com sifts through millions of published airfares from over 150 different airlines and 69,000 hotels to choose from. In addition to discounted fares offered through our consolidator network we provide the most affordable travel options available. We are fully committed to providing better access to savings on both international and domestic airfare as well as top deals for hotels, travel packages, cruise, car rentals and more! Unlike most of our competitors, we display the TOTAL price, including taxes and fees, up front to allow customers to compare prices and know what to expect at point of purchase. â€Å"We help U. S. world travelers navigate through the jungle of international airfares to find the best deals,† says Mathias Friess, Webjet. com’s CEO. With that said who wouldn’t want to easily find flights that will save them money? Also, not only does Webjet. com promise convenient and affordable flights but we also promise privacy. Booking online, no matter what site used, requires users to provide personal information. Webjet. com promises to not only protect this information but also to only share it after receiving the travelers’ consent. So why choose Webjet. com? Because our team works to provide affordable fares and put customers’ needs first. Marketing and IT team We’re more than such social media junkies and computer geeks. Our marketing team works to make a connection with our customers and let them know about the exciting updates with our site. We figure out what you want and need so that we can get it to you. From making you smile with our #TravelProblems tumble to providing travel tips with our blog and updating you on deals with our newsletters we enjoy reaching out to each customer. We’re constantly using our creativity to give travelers what they’d want from sweepstakes to our hangout videos that provide tips for traveling abroad. Feel free to connect with us on our Facebook, Twitter and Google+. History Established in 1998, Webjet was founded by former Jetset Travel Chief Executive David Clarke. Management WEB’s senior management has a mix of backgrounds, with a core group of directors and managers having been with the company for several years. In the early 2000’s this group pursued the development of an integrated booking platform to streamline its website activities Since then they have expanded Webjets services into complimentary fields that can be managed via their existing website. Webjet’s ROE over the last several years attests to the success of these decisions and management’s ability to provide good returns on investor capital. Internal ownership is substantial, with over 12% of outstanding shares owned by the directors and senior managers alone. Bonuses are typically 20% or less of total remuneration across the management group. Risks †¢Stiff competition in online accommodation service with the likes of Wotif (WTF) and lastminute. com †¢Competition from existing brand-name competitors like Flight Centre (FLT), who are also developing their online accommodation presence †¢Reliance on indebted Australian and new Zealand consumers for the vast majority of revenue †¢Sensitivity to the AUD, as a lower dollar will discourage Australian’s from holidaying overseas Opportunities †¢One of the few companies in Australia that is currently benefitting from the high AUD, as Aussies head overseas for their holidays to take advantage of increased purchasing power †¢The web-based business model is unencumbered by physical store fronts like its rival Flight Centre, making Webjet suited to the on-line shift for flight and accommodation bookings †¢Good brand name recognition within Australia †¢An easily-scalable business for overseas operations Webjet is a great business with good brand name recognition in Australia and a business model suited for the online future. Their financials look great, with a stable ROE of approximately 20-25% and a robust balance sheet that has no debt. Management have successfully grown the Webjet business by increasing the services it offers and maintaining a low cost structure. Unfortunately Webjet has no durable competitive advantage and is sensitive to movements in the AUD. Further, the online world has low barriers to entry and consumers can be fickle. In addition, Webjet must also compete with established travel groups like Flight Centre and dedicated booking agents like Wotif. As such, Empire Investing considers Webjet a Good Company with no competitive advantage – one we’d like to own, but only at a big discount to compensate.

Othello Tragedy Essays - Othello, Fiction, Film, William Shakespeare

Othello Tragedy Essays - Othello, Fiction, Film, William Shakespeare Othello Tragedy Dustin Mills English 102 Dr. Elisabeth Sachs Othello Essay Honest Iago One of the most interesting and exotic characters in the tragic play Othello, by William Shakespeare, is honest Iago. At first Iago seems to be motiveless. However, the motivation behind his actions lie more in Iago's quest for personal gain, as opposed to just being evil for evil's sake. Iago's greediness can be validated by examining his manipulation of Roderigo, Cassio, and most importantly, Othello. Iago's main interest is the destruction of Othello. The reason being that Othello has chosen another man, Cassio, as his second-in-command, preferring him to Iago. This resentment, accompanied by Iago's accusations of adultery and his blatant racism, cause Iago to despise the kindly moor. Because Iago is much too smart to immediately kill Othello, he proceeds with the arduous process of dismantling him emotionally. Iago also knows he must distance himself from any part of this, so he cleverly gets someone to do his dirty work. The first to fall victim to Iago's manipulation is half-witted Roderigo. Iago knows Roderigo is consumed by lust for Desdemona, and would do what it takes to make her his own. Iago tells Roderigo that the only way to win Desdemona's love is to make money to procure gifts for her. Put money in thy purse(act I scene 3 line 339). However Iago is just taking those gifts intended for Desdemona and keeping them for himself, and making a profit. Roderigo eventually starts to question Iago's honesty. When faced with the accusations, Iago simply offers that the killing of Cassio will aid in his cause and Roderigo falls for it. In doing this, Iago keeps Roderigo in the dark and continues to profit from him monetarily. Roderigo is also used as a device in both Cassio and Othello's downfall. Iago's actions demonstrate his monetary and power based motivations, invalidating the claim that Iago is evil for evil's sake. Cassio like Roderigo follows Iago blindly, thinking the whole time that Iago is trying to aid him, when in fact Iago, motivated by his lust for power, is attempting to remove Cassio of his position as lieutenant. With Roderigo's help Iago causes Cassio to forfeit his position as Othello's second-in-command. Cassio is also used to bring out the monster inside of Othello. In Iago's exploitation of Cassio, it is clear to see that, although evil in his deeds, Iago is strictly motivated by his hunger for power. As mentioned earlier, Iago's main intention lies in the degradation of Othello. Iago feels that he was best suited to hold the position of lieutenant, as opposed to Michael Cassio. From this Iago manufactures accusations of adultery, claiming that Othello has slept with his wife, Emilia. Twixt my sheets/ he's done my office.(Act I scene 3 line 380) These accusations are merely excuses to validate his own pleasant acts and greed, and should be seen as nothing more. Again it's plain to see that, in Iago's deception of Othello he is motivated by his jealousy and subsequent bitterness. In conclusion, it's evident that Iago is evil for greed's sake, as opposed to evil for evil's sake. His craving can be seen in his clever manipulation of Roderigo, Cassio, and Othello. He uses Roderigo for his own financial benefit, as well as support his master plan; the destruction of Othello. Cassio was unfortunate enough to be chosen ahead of Iago as Othello's second-in-command, and was reduced to a deteriorated state by Iago because of it. Lastly, driven by his bitterness towards Othello for choosing Cassio over him, Iago takes it upon himself to ensure Othello's demise. Iago is an extremely complex character, and far from ordinary. His complexity and uniqueness makes him one of Shakespeare's greatest villains.

Hometown Essay Essay Example

Hometown Essay Essay Example Hometown Essay Paper Hometown Essay Paper Every town across America presents unique and various qualities. Lass Vegas, which is located in the state of Nevada has many great things to offer. The weather In Lass Vegas stays preferably warm and sunny for most of the year. While in other towns you may have to deal with more rapid weather change or severe conditions. Summers maintain dry heat most days, but sometime during August an occasional rain storms will occur. Winters are mostly short, so youre only dressing warm for a short amount of time. Most people enjoy Vegas because of the warmer weather, which makes it a great town to visit or reside in. Consistent warm weather is convenient to have to do various activities throughout the year. There are plenty of activities to offer With the lasting warm weather in Lass Vegas. Its always a nice day to go swimming or hit the water park to cool down. Most tourists tend to enjoy the weather to walk up and down the strip. Most hotel pools located on the strip include entertainment and bars for guests to enjoy, which is another great way to enjoy the warm weather. Outdoor mall shopping is also more enjoyable with the nice weather in Vegas. With all the activities Vegas has to offer there are certain things that appeal more to tourists. Along with the nice warm weather are the extraordinary tourist sights located on the strip in Lass Vegas. The strip has many beautiful casinos with their own theme. Every casino you walk into is unique in its on way. There are dozens of restaurants, shows and all kinds of entertainment in every casino up and down the strip. For example the casino Planet Hollywood has a Hollywood hip theme. Located in that casino youll find a large shopping mall with hundreds of stores, bars, and restaurants. A sight to see for most tourists is typically the Bellagio fountains. Located at the front of the resort are beautiful fountains that produce a breath taking show every half hour. Those are just a few of the spectacular sights to be seen in Vegas. As you can see, this town can accommodate to anyone. Lass Vegas has much to offer other than the weather and tourist sights.

Assignment Degree Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assignment Degree - Essay Example Numerical root-finding methods use iteration, producing a sequence of numbers that hopefully converge towards a limit (the so called "fixed point") which is a root. The first values of this series are initial guesses. The method computes subsequent values based on the old ones and the function f. The bisection method is based on the fact that a function will alter sign when it passes through zero. The bisection method can halve the size of the interval in each iteration and eventually find the root by evaluating the function at the middle of an interval and replacing whichever limit has the same sign. False position method is an algorithm of the prior estimate for which the function value has opposite sign from the function value at the current best estimate of the root. In this method, the root is bracketed. Similar to the secant method, the false position method also uses a straight line to approximate the function in the local region of interest. The secant method is based on the assumption that the function is approximately linear in the local region of interest and uses the zero-crossing of the line connecting the limits of the interval as the new reference point. The next iteration starts from evaluation of the function at the new reference point, and then it forms another line. The process is repeated up to the time of finding root. The Newton-Raphson method finds the slope (the tangent line) of the function at the current ... The process is repeated until the root is found. 5. Fixed Point Iteration: It is a method of computing fixed points of iterated functions. For example, given that a function f defined on the real numbers having real values and given a point x0 in the domain of f, the fixed point iteration is which gives rise to the sequence which is hoped to converge to a point x. If f is continuous, then one can prove that the obtained x is a fixed point of f, i.e., f(x) = x. 6. Muller's Method: Muller's method is generalized from the secant method, in the sense that it does not require the derivative of the function. It is an iterative method that needs three starting points, , and .A parabola is constructed that passes through the three points; then the quadratic formula is used to find a root of the quadratic for the next approximation.The following equation generalizes the secant method of root finding by using quadratic 3-point interpolation : Then the following is defined : (2) (3) (5) The next iteration is described by this equation: Source : Abramowitz, M. and Stegun, I.A. (Eds). Handbook of Mathematical Functions with formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables, 9th

Experience from the teacher student interaction in comparison with a Essay

Experience from the teacher student interaction in comparison with a case learning experience - Essay Example Regardless of their common goal of orienting us to the new academic environment, each of the lecturers had his own approach and sense of humor. Of particular memory is my Introductory Mathematics lecturer who always used his sarcasm over life to intrigue our intellectual capacity in what appeared as humorous experiences. The teacher, who was a specialist in Pure Mathematics, was also always abstract in his illustrations, something that we found funny because he always expressed himself out of incomprehensible reality. He similarly applied his abstract approach in illustrations, asking class questions and criticizing our lack of knowledge. While his positive criticism motivated me to learn more from him through personal consultations, it also developed my quest to research more in both his subject and other class subjects. The experience with my Introductory Mathematics teachers as well as my other first semester teachers was, therefore, a fruitfully mentoring one that molded me to th e new academic environment. It was therefore satisfactory and I wished that I could proceed with the same lecturers to my subsequent semesters. My Mathematics teacher was particularly classical and derived concepts from abstract examples before relating his examples to first principles, an approach. The lecturer’s approach was also always funny to keep the class in a jovial mood. The students’ experience in ‘We show what we have learnt’ portrays a number of differences from my learning experience.